Poetry by Marianne Moore Essay Example For Students

Verse by Marianne Moore Essay She rather conveniently sums up a variety of banalities, generalizations and got second thoughts about verse a literalistic readership may have ,pretends sympathy with the protests, and afterward presents one tricky gracious by-the-route after another until the inverse is preferred introduced over the goals being talked about. This Is not a subject I warm up to In many circumstancespoets, of their agreement, have exhibited such a self-captivation that huge numbers of them, left to their necessary chore, would expel themselves from the human scale and accept the positions of the awesome, the mysterious, the nurturing, II, form themselves into a ministry, the gatekeepers of observation. Fields sonnet, however, introduces itself as a contracting series of witticisms that appear o squabble, a difference among head and brain, body and soul, and a bigger piece of her lines, as they apparently over the page away from the announcements going before the line before it, is that no truly comprehends what to think about verse as a structure. As a methods for correspondence, as a method of recognizing oneself on the planet. It baffles the quick answer, it suppresses the undeniable point, verse includes an equivocalness that would aggravate numerous as a result of lines that start off creation clear sense yet which leave the peruser In a space that Isnt so cocksure. Little appears collapse any longer once sonnet has gone through the world, and the reassembling of observation expected of the peruser to comprehend a touch of the section (the option being simply to stop and concede rout) will undoubtedly give a disdain. Its a migraine one would prefer not have. Fields sonnet is by all accounts a reaction to Dorothy Parsers Ironic statement assertion l abhor composing. I love having composed. The peruser may despise not understanding what theyve read, however love the prizes of guising through a sonnets obscured rear entryways and diverting side lanes. The distress, the logical inconsistencies, the unscrupulous skillful deceptions that delude you in the dream of conveying a shock, an Irony, a surprising Image , the entirety of this Is worth feelings of disdain a perusers endures. One is , after all , improved, made more grounded by the activity of the will to peruse and go up against the sonnet on its own terms. Moore is a smart rhetorician just as effortlessly inconspicuous writer. Shrewd, clever, sharp and acidic when she needs me, Moore is smart at playing the Devils Advocate In ostensibly negative pretense, saying she disdains It yet mounting one special case to the standard after FIFO cannot exist without its application. It functions as questioning, to be sure, created as only she knows how, and it includes one more very much expressed arrangement of verses that need to transform artists into more than mortal craftsmen, however into a brotherhood, a race of recorders sensitive to mystery implications of undetectable developments inside human presence. It kind of quits being an artist after the main Jagged verse, much the same as each one of those vow breaks on PBS that indefatigably insist that systems quality programming while at the same time demonstrating little of it during their supplications for watcher cash. It isn't so much that I would contend too drastically against the thought that artists and specialists in unbelievable are those whove the affectability and the abilities to transform discernment at an instinctual level into a material structure through which what was officially unaddressed would now be able to locate a mutual jargon on the planet libertarian however I am, there are prodigies on the planet , and the individuals who are more astute and more skilled than others in different occupations and callingsbut I do contend against the self-honeyed words that sonnets like Moors advances and spreads. Wouldnt see this as a questioning of any kind, nor a proclamation regarding what the author should do or what the peruser should request. Perusing it over once more, and again after that makes me believe that Moore was tending to her own indecision toward the structure. After one completes a few verses and feels mollified that theyve done Justice to their object of fixation, a few li nes seem invented, different words are dull and dead sounding lined up with progressively brilliant, all the more ringing ones,an picture appears to be stressed and unnatural, a similarity no longer appears the ideal fit. .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7 , .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7 .postImageUrl , .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7 , .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7:hover , .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7:visited , .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7:active { border:0!important; } .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7:active , .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u022fe6deaf6364fb4c a40e3140c794a7 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u022fe6deaf6364fb4ca40e3140c794a7:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: How complete two artists vary in the manner in which they investigate love EssayShe too hates it, I think, since verse will consistently miss the mark concerning getting to the world without our controlling supports; Wallace Stevens tackled the issue of cutting myself from the gravity of his genuine by no endeavoring to dispatch his persona , by means of representation, through the envisioned obstruction between our impression of occasions and what is there, sans an interceding conscience, and landed himself among his Ideal Types, his Perfect Forms and Arrangements, yet the quality of his language. The representation he would have used to address characteristics in any case inconspicuous of a thing her apparent became, in his strategy, the thing itself, a piece of his Supreme Fiction. William Stevens voided the enlivening expressions and qualifiers that he felt just added business to the world an update attempted to discuss and made a section of hard , sharp, rakish items. Moore, however, appears to demand in Poetry that anyway great , excellent and shrewd the subsequent sonnets are in a large group of lovely endeavors to determine the issue the separation between the thing saw and the thing itself, we despite everything have just sonnets, words masterminded to create impacts that would speak to our faculties that are lined up with this world and not the undetectable republic Just past our faculties. Verse is a baffling and aggravating procedure since it regardless of how close one thinks theyve sign to a forward leap, there is the inevitable acknowledgment of far one stays from it. Verse as Sisyphean undertaking; one is constrained to rehash the exertion, and not without the inclination that theyve done this previously. The uproar of the creatures, the pushing elephants, the moving ponies, the indefatigable have wanted to have quieted by the composition of verse. There is the overall legend, despite everything fixed in a decent number of individuals who experience different self improvement gatherings, that the composition of things downpoetry, Journaling, blobbing, composing plays or memoirsis process that, in itself , will uncover honest things one has to know and consequently settle the issues. Composing, however, doesnt settle, conclude or concrete anything set up, it does to sort the world out , nor does it settle anything it was tending to once the composing is finished with. It is, however, a valuable procedure, an apparatus, one may use as a way to get one out of the seat, away from the console, and become proactive in some positive way. The desires for what verse should docreate something about the world that is perpetual, ever enduring, uncover a fact whos veracity doesn't pale with emulate, regardless of whether a century or hour are squashed and a disdain when understands that the world theyre endeavoring to vanquish, in a way , won't bow to ones discernment, ones painstakingly built stage set where the material things of this world are props to be organized spontaneously, and that the psyche that makes the similitudes, the comparisons, the gifted couplets and astute rhyme methodologies isn't quieted, alleviated, tranquil. The world keeps on moving and change, language itself changes the importance of the words it contains, the brain keeps on ticking ceaselessly, untrimmed. Fields creatures, in the fretful heaven , are themselves anxious, non scrutinizing, sense headed toward species conduct that is about spread and endurance, animals unmistakable from the pondering vanity of the writer who thinks the person in question can filter through the underbrush for mystery hugeness. Ive consistently heard a tired tone in Moors sonnet; a brain that thusly grapples with issues where

Kate in all my sons Essay

?How does Miller use portrayals of discourse and other emotional methods to introduce the character of Kate in this concentrate and in one other concentrate in the play? Segment from the beginning of act 3 to the stage course †â€Å"Jim ways out to driveway† To beginact 3, Arthur Miller utilizes emotional stage headings to lay the right foundation. These stage bearings present the character of Kate in an unhinged manner. It says that she is shaking â€Å"ceaselessly† in a seat. The utilization of the modifier â€Å"ceaselessly† recommends that her personality is fairly precarious. Following these stage bearings, Miller starts the discourse of the concentrate with an inquisitive expression from Jim †â€Å"any news? †, it is intriguing that Jim comes straight in with an inquiry and doesn’t structure a phatic articulation to start discussion with Kate. It causes the air to feel progressively formal and dull. Kate’s reaction is very short which implies she isn’t open to some other kind of discussion with Jim â€Å"no news†. This contiguousness pair clarifies that kate isn't one for phatic discussion, this is known by Jim who doesn’t endeavor any ‘chit chat’ with her. when Jim says â€â€Å" you cannot sit up throughout the night, dear, why don’t you hit the hay? †, in sections, it says that he talks tenderly. This has the implication that Kate is delicate and requires to be addressed in a gentler way. The character of Kate is shown at discouraged. Mill operator does this by the short and restricted answers she gives Jim. A guide to show this is when Jim says †â€Å"don’t be apprehensive, Kate, I know, I’ve consistently known† and all she says back is â€Å"how? †. This one †worded inquisitive articulation reveals to us that she is unbiased in what Jim needs to state and furthermore that she has other consuming issues at the forefront of her thoughts. Likewise when Jim discloses and depicts to Kate in detail how chris is going to return and he puts forth an attempt to persuade her and set her brain straight. Notwithstanding his exertion, kate still answers briskly with a short â€Å"just as long as he comes back†. It is as though she doesn’t perceive that Chris is attempting to be thoughtful to her. this shows the character of kate in a hostile light. the subsequent concentrate is in act one when kate gives a discourse which clarifies the fantasy she had about Larry.

Cholera and Ebola Essay Essay Example

Cholera and Ebola Essay Example Cholera and Ebola Essay Cholera and Ebola Essay Cholera. otherwise known as Asian Cholera or pestilence cholera. is an infective ailment of the GI real estate parcel brought about by the Vibrio cholerae microbes. From the family unit Vibrionaceae. the microscopic organisms is described as a Gram-negative pole. Similarly as with other Gram-negative bars. Vibrio cholerae produces an endotoxin. known as cholera poison. This microbes is traveling because of the nearness of an individual polar scourge and is very infective. The Vibrio cholerae microbes develops in both new water and Marine home grounds what's more in relationship with amphibian quicken creatures. Initially found in 1824 by the Italian Anatomist. Filippo Pacini. Vibrio cholera in all likelihood began in India with the Ganges River helping as the essential corrupt store. Around 30 mature ages in this way bacteriologists Robert Koch and John Snow found the nexus among Cholera and guzzling H2O. Since its find in the mid nineteenth century Cholera has guaranteed numerous lives because of its transmittal by means of the guzzling H2O flexibly. Through numerous mature ages of research and chlorination of soaking up H2O supplies. Cholera has non been viewed as a danger to the United States and Western Europe for about a century. In any case. intentional introduction of the microorganisms into a neighborhood H2O gracefully. could do as well spoil and mass spread of contamination. Ebola hemorrhagic febrility ( EHF ) is an incredibly infective. incredibly deadly ailment brought about by the Ebola infection. Ebola infection is an individual from the family Fivoviridae and is named after the Ebola River in the Republic of Congo ( once Zaire ) which is the place the main plague happened in 1994. The infection is named follows: Gathering: Group V ( ) ssRNA ) Request: Mononegavirales Family: Filoviridae Sort: Ebolavirus Speciess: Ivory Coast ebolavirus Reston ebolavirus Sudan ebolavirus Zaire ebolavirus The initial two strains of the infection were recognized in 1976 in Zaire and Sudan. Dr. F. A. Murphy was the first to protect the infection and picking up control it for negatron microscopy. Dr. Murphy noticed that the infection was a basic strand RNA infection with encoding for seven viral proteins. Since its find and beginning emissions. four sub-species have been separated ( as illustrated above ) which are named after their few flare-up areas. Because of its incredibly infective nature and its capacity to transform rapidly. Ebola infection has a death pace of around 77 % . In spite of the fact that. non a humble in the United States and other edified states. the Ebola infection could introduce a genuine health peril if deliberately brought into the H2O or supplement gracefully. A protein on the outside of the infection has been found that is answerable for the horrendous inward drain ( the demise managing normal for the malady ) . The protein invasions and devastates the endothelial cells run alonging blood vass. doing the vass to hole and shed blood. Truth be told. the infection has an extremely explicit tropism for liver cells and cells of the reticuloendothelial framework. e. g. macrophages. Monstrous obliteration of the liver is the trademark normal for Ebola infection. The Ebola infection. once inside a host. starts to retroflex. The seven proteins that make up the natural structure of the infection Begin to eat up the host cell as the infection begins doing transcripts of itself. These seven proteins assault the natural structure of the cell and by one way or another assault the basic proteins of the natural structure of the host. As the ailment advances. it shows itself in the signifier of shed blooding. especially in the mucous layer. venters. pericardium. what's more, vagina. The slender break prompts loss of blood volume. shed blooding from arranged focuses in the natural structure. surprise. what's more, intense respiratory miracle. Contaminations with Ebola infection are intense with a hatching period runing from 2 to 21 yearss. Cholera is an intense unwellness portrayed by watery the runs and is brought about by specific individuals from the species Vibrio cholerae ( bacterium ) . The cholera source is passed in the stools. The poison discharged by the microorganisms causes expanded secernment of H2O and chloride particles in the gut. which can deliver solid loose bowels. Demise can follow from the horrible drying up welcomed on by the runs. The manifestations may look 1 to 7 yearss in the wake of eating supplement or soaking up H2O polluted with the bacteriums. regularly inside 2 to 3 yearss. Pollution is from contact with the fecal issues or vomit of individual tainted with cholera. Cholera is transmitted by fecal-oral way ( eating or assimilating supplement or H2O defiled by the fecal misuse of a septic individual ) . Vibrios are touchy to corrosive. also, most bones in the belly. Enduring lethal creatures may stick to and colonize the little digestive system. where they discharge the intense cholera enterotoxin ( CT. other than called â€Å"choleragen† ) . This poison ties to the plasma film of enteric epithelial cells and discharges an enzymatically dynamic partial financial unit that causes an ascent in cyclic adenosine 51-monophosphate ( camp ) creation. The following high intracellular camp degree causes solid secernment of electrolytes and H2O into the enteric lms. Indications of cholera are an ague. diarrheal unwellness brought about by disease of the inside with the microscopic organisms Vibrio Cholerae. One of 20 people will hold horrendous infection with abundant watery looseness of the bowels. cleansing. also, leg fits. The fast loss of natural structure liquids and weight lead to parching and circulatory surrender. Passing can occur inside hours. Side effects of Ebola are fever. concern. explanation and musculus harming. sore pharynx. coming up short. which are trailed by looseness of the bowels. cleansing. furthermore, belly harming. A few patients have a roseola. rosy eyes and inner and outside discharge. An individual gets tainted with cholera bacteriums by eating up debased supplement or H2O. In many scourges the disease originates from human fecal issues. which debase insufficiently treated sewerage. The bacterium can other than populate in streams and costal Waterss where it taints shellfish. Half-cooked shellfish have been a start of cholera. The sickness is non likely spread by direct individual to-individual contact. Cholera is analyzed by research center disconnection of the microorganisms from a feces test or by happening antibodies in serum bespeaking late disease. The toxigenic signifiers of Cholera are O bunch 1 or 139 and can be distinguished through gm strain or human advancement. Darkfield of stage differentiate microscopy would straight be able to envision motile vibrio. For the most part diagnosing is clinical by H2O looseness of the bowels and parching. Cholera is most effectively treated through rehydration of liquids and salts lost through looseness of the bowels. An unwritten rehydration arrangement that joins sugar and salts n prepackaged articulation is different with H2O and utilized all through the universe following in a 1 % mortality with intercession contrasted with 20-25 % without. Cut off occurrences may require endovenous temperamental supplanting. Anti-infection agents may abbreviate class and chop down disagreeableness of indications each piece great as reducing sloughing of infection yet should point being helplessness as anti-toxin resistance is a turning work. The characteristic repository of the infection is obscure similar to the mode in which it clench hand shows up during an emission. It has been guessed that the file tolerant gets tainted through contact with a disease energize being. After the main example persistent. the infection can be transmitted through direct contact with septic blood or secernments or through contact with polluted items, for example, acerate leafs. Nosocomial transmittal is normal in ejections when social insurance laborers do non have on legitimate defensive vesture. Ebola is signifier of viral hemorrhagic febrility that is ordinarily clinically analyzed by the arrangement of manifestations portrayed. Research center diagnosing is through ELISA demonstrating for IgM antibodies and PCR and infection disengagement can be utilized to put infection inside a couple yearss of side effect approaching. In this manner in class of malady IgG antibodies can be tried. There is no mending intercession for Ebola. Only steady intercessions including liquid and electrolyte compromise. what's more, care of O position and blood power per unit region are accessible. In March 1999. cholera was distinguished in the state for the principal cut in 10 mature ages and was voyaging quick all through the state. Poor H2O quality and sanitation foundation were the significant loaning components to high paces of cholera. By November 1999. 30 of the most unfortunate networks in urban Antananarivo. which is the capital of Madagascar. was picked as the imprint populace for flying the Safe Water System in the state. The framework comprised of conduct change methods alongside purpose of-utilization intercession and safe stockpiling of H2O. The associations who teamed up on this endeavor were the CARE Madagascar ( Community Assistance for Relief Everywhere ) . Populace Services International ( PSI ) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . CARE Madagascar executed and consolidated network assembly. Populace Services International took consideration of the cultural selling and the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention dealt with the arrangement rating. The cultural selling included neighborhood creation of a 0. 5 % Na hypochlorite arrangement bundled in a 500-mL bottle. furthermore, whole adequate to deal with around 2000 L of H2O. A nearby organization was so contracted to deliver 20-L slender mouthed plastic Kraut tins. The exchange name given was Sur’Eau. French for â€Å"safe water† . The arrangement was propelled a very long time before plan in light of the fast expansion in the malady. The container of H2O was offered to middlemen and retail traders in the networks take separating in the arrangement and gave the product to CARE-prepared network based gross incomes operators. The associations planned remote and Television musca volitanss

How does Steinbeck present the character of Crooks Essay

In the novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men†, the character of Crooks is utilized by John Steinbeck, the creator, to represent the minimizing of the dark network happening at the time in which the novel was set. Evildoers is additionally critical as he gives an understanding into the truth of the American Dream and the sentiments of the individuals in the farm; their dejection and requirement for organization. Steinbeck presents Crooks as a survivor of prejudice and all through the book, he is called by the name ‘nigger’. Being dark, Crooks is loathed on the farm. â€Å"Ya see, the stable buck’s a nigger†. The utilization of this word dehumanizes Crooks and shows how dark individuals at that point, had no rights by any means. He likewise says, â€Å"If I state something, why it’s only a nigger sayin’ it† and this shows his indignation about being brutalized. In any case, another statement shows how compromised brutality is utilized against dark individuals and how a similar term ‘nigger’ is rehashed all through the book. â€Å"Listen nigger(†¦ ), you know what I can do on the off chance that you open your snare? (†¦ )I could get you hung on a tree so natural it ain’t even funny†. Curley’s spouse exploits Crooks having a go at her and undermines Crooks into getting lynched. Lynching was regular in the 1930’s and Crooks ‘seemed to develop smaller’. The utilization of this ironic expression underscores how he attempts to retaliate yet Curley’s wife’s societal position was better than Crooks’ for the most part in view of his race. Besides, Curley’s spouse utilizes the word ‘nigger’ and it additionally dehumanizes Crooks and puts him ‘in his privilege place’. Curley’s spouse is additionally close to the base of the social stepping stool just as Crooks common Despite the way that Crooks is a casualty of prejudice, Steinbeck presents Crooks as an honorable person. From the outset, this isn't clear as Crooks dozes in what is depicted as ‘a long box loaded up with straw’. This statement shows how he is introduced as a creature since dark individuals around then, were treated as slaves. In addition to the fact that Steinbeck gives him an actual existence and a voice, yet he attempts to show Crook’s life in the book with how dark individuals were treated, all things considered. Steinbeck likewise does whatever it takes not to speak to Crooks as ‘just a slave’. Steinbeck attempts to safeguard Crooks by expounding on how he went to bat for his privileges against Curley’s spouse when she entered his private space, â€Å"I had enough (†¦ you got no rights comin’ in a hued man’s room. You got no rights playing in here by any stretch of the imagination. † This statement shows how Curley’s spouse attempts to utilize her boss economic wellbeing against Crooks just as dehumanizing him. Another statement shows how in addition to the fact that he cares about himself and how he treats himself, however he likewise thinks about the ponies and different animals in the stable. â€Å"Crooks has his apple box over his bunk, and in it a scope of medication bottles, both for himself and for the horses†. It additionally shows that he is efficient and that he thinks about the creatures like he thinks about himself. He additionally invests wholeheartedly in what he does. Another statement shows how despite the fact that he realizes he has rights, they are as yet worth nothing, â€Å"And he had books as well; a worn out word reference and a destroyed duplicate of the California Civil Code for 1900’s†. This statement likewise shows that he is stressed over his instruction and that he is savvy despite the fact that others on the farm believed that dark individuals aren’t cunning. The books more likely than not been utilized a ton thus he knows the rights that he ought to have. Along these lines, Crooks is introduced as a noble person notwithstanding the way that he is ignored and abused by others on the farm. Despite the fact that Crooks is a noble person, Steinbeck additionally presents him as a remorseless and horrendous man on occasion. This is indicated most clearly when Lennie endeavors to befriend him to some extent four of the novel. From the start, when Lennie attempts to go into his room, Crooks says, â€Å"you got no rights to come in my room. This here’s my room†, and he turns out to be extremely cautious. The way that he rehashes the expression ‘my room’ shows he is feeling powerless. His room is the main spot where he can have some security and have a feeling of wellbeing and this is essential to Crooks since he doesn’t have a lot and is often manhandled by everyone around him. Steinbeck additionally composes, ‘Crooks said sharply’ and the word ‘sharply’ bolsters this thought since it shows it is a quick response to the interruption. It is additionally similar to a barrier instrument as he feels somewhat jumpy about what is going to occur. He lets Lennie in his room in the end however he keeps on tormenting him, ‘his voice became delicate and persuasive’. Law breakers attempts to utilize convincing language so as to affront Lennie and exploit his condition. â€Å"Sp’ose George don’t return no more(†¦ )what’ll you do at that point? † Crooks takes the risk to retaliate from how he has been tormented previously. He additionally needed to cause Lennie to feel how he has been feeling for the greater part of his life; forlorn and secluded. However Lennie attempts to retaliate and Crooks gets frightened and attempts to carm him down. Criminals is likewise introduced as feeble, as recently examined it is maybe this absence of intensity that prompts his sharpness. One statement shows how Curley’s spouse undermines him and Crooks plunks down and doesn’t retaliate, â€Å"Crooks had decreased himself to nothing. There was no character, no sense of self nothing to stir either like or dislike†. Steinbeck attempts to utilize allegorical language to demonstrate that Crooks doesn’t need to be seen and that he fears for himself. It additionally shows that he is at the base of the social chain of command principally in light of the fact that he is the main dark individual on the farm. The redundancy of the word ‘no’ and ‘nothing’ dehumanizes Crooks and causes him to feel like he has nothing and he has no rights. He is likewise confusing on the grounds that occasionally he demands himself having a few rights yet he is still forlorn. This is the reason when Lennie attempts to go into his room, he has a go at him clarifying them. It wasn’t until after he talked that he understood that he could at last have some organization. Back then, dark individuals were introduced as ‘lower class’ contrasted with others and Steinbeck installs this in the novel to cause Crooks to feel weak Another statement shows how Crooks has a few rights despite the fact that he doesn’t like them, â€Å"A shaded man got the chance to have a few rights regardless of whether he don’t like them. It shows how Crooks realizes he has rights and that it is a resistance system against others being bigot towards him. Notwithstanding, when Curley’s spouse interferes with them, he attempts to safeguard himself clarifying his privileges yet they were all worth nothing and after she went, when Crooks said do Candy that he was ‘jus’ foolin’ yet within, he realizes that he can never escape the circumstance others put him in. At the point when Steinbeck presents Crooks as feeble, this additionally interfaces in with him being forlorn and disengaged. At the point when Crooks is conversing with Lennie, he clarifies how a dark individual like him has no companions and no organization, â€Å"Books ain’t nothing more than a bad memory. A person needs someone to be close him,’ he cried, ‘A fellow goes crazy on the off chance that he ain’t got nobody†. This shows how he is an image of dejection and Crooks attempts to communicate his sentiments. Out of the considerable number of individuals in the farm, the main individual he could communicate his sentiments to was Lennie, who can't completely identify or comprehend Crooks’ circumstance. In addition to the fact that crooks is an image of dejection, yet so are Candy and Curley’s spouse since they are likewise underestimated in the farm. The way Steinbeck doesn’t give Curley’s spouse a name dehumanizes her and causes her to feel desolate. Another statement goes to Crooks’ past and how things in those days were the equivalent, yet he didn’t know. â€Å"I ain’t a Southern Negro†¦ I was brought into the world right here in California†¦ The white children come to put at our place, an’ at times I went to play with them†¦ My ol’ man didn’t like that. I never knew till long later why he didn’t like that. Yet, I know now. † Racism was a major issue back then and that’s why Crook’s father didn’t like him blending in with the other white children. The manner in which he says ‘I ain’t a Southern Negro’ shows that he isn’t the ‘typical slave’ that other dark individuals were in the 1930’s and that the greater part of the dark individuals in America were from the South. He before long got mindful of racial bias and he doesn’t blend effectively with others on the farm, â€Å"He stayed away and requested that others kept theirs†. Evildoers is likewise isolated in light of the fact that he can’t rest in the bunk house with the others for the most part in light of his race. Hooligans is additionally introduced as frail and harmed as he endures both physical and passionate agony. His name speaks to how he has a slanted back, â€Å"His body was twisted around to one side by his warped spine, and his eyes lay somewhere down in his head†¦ And he had dainty, torment fixed lips which were lighter than his face†. Steinbeck attempts to stress how Crooks is in a ton of agony, yet he is as yet treated severely by the farmers. His physical incapacities corresponding with different characters including Lennie who is exploited by Crooks since he carries on like a kid. Convicts is likewise the main individual in the novel who doesn’t have any expectations or dreams. One second in section four shows how Crooks has high expectations when Lennie and Candy talk about the fantasy yet he excuses it after Curley’s spouse annihilates him verbally, â€Å"I never observed a person truly

What to Look For When Reading Business Analysis Essay Samples

What to Look For When Reading Business Analysis Essay SamplesBusiness analysis essay samples offer students with a range of writing tools that are essential to the process of constructing a good argument for a given topic. Students should read through many of these essay samples so they can have a good feel for what should be included in each section. Each writing sample has its own purpose and for that reason each is good for a specific type of student. This article will explain exactly what you should be looking for when reading essay samples.One of the things you will find when reading business analysis essay samples is that most students start with an argument in the introduction. They then take it through several different sections of the essay and write essays for the different points they have made. This is a great way to get the student to think about what he or she is trying to say and then write a logical argument for that idea. It's also good for students to understand how to organize the information in their head into a logical argument so they can turn those thoughts into a written one.Another thing you will find when reading business analysis essay samples is that most essays that feature multiple ideas will start out with the problem and then add more detail as the essay continues. Students learn very quickly that they can use this same technique when they're writing an essay and the introduction of that first idea is a great place to do that. It also makes it easier for the student to move on to the other ideas that they may be thinking about and which may be offered later on in the essay.When reading business analysis essay samples, you'll also see that many of them are about the customer. There is plenty of information available on the importance of the customer in any business and this includes the importance of customer service in a customer base. Business analysis essay samples will help the student to understand what the customer wants and then help them to provide the quality service they expect from their business.The different types of services offered by businesses can also be found in business analysis essay samples. It's useful for students to know what a business offers that will make it a better business over other businesses. This is why most business analysis essay samples contain some or all of the following three topics:Lastly, it's important for business analysis essay samples to emphasize the process involved in creating a business. It's important for students to know what the process involved is for creating a successful business, how to successfully manage the business, and what needs to be done to grow the business. All of these can be found in business analysis essay samples.When you begin to read different business analysis essay samples, you'll find that they usually use a few different methods to promote a business. This will help the student to understand what types of promotion are being used i n a business, and why these are being used. They will also be able to see the advantages and disadvantages of each type of promotion.Business analysis essay samples are designed to teach students how to present a strong argument in an essay. You'll find that they're filled with examples of successful essay topics and also examples of failing ones. If you're struggling with your essay writing, these samples can help you find and evaluate which topics work and which ones don't.

Advertising and Sales Promotions Management - 2750 Words

Advertising and Sales Promotions Management (Term Paper Sample) Content: Executive SummaryThe report details a proposed marketing campaign for CCT hair products based on integrated marketing communication. The overall objective of the campaign is to influence the purchase behavior of the target audience positively and establishing long-lasting relationships between CCT and its consumers. The strategic decisions in question include targeting, creating the message, selecting media, and establishing momentum. The target audience includes informed beauty professionals who value product quality, safety, and reliability alongside the use of natural ingredients. As a result, the proposed message highlights the appealing quality, safety, reliability, and natural ingredients used in CCT products. The media mix to communicate this message entails traditional media that are brand-oriented and emerging media that are behavior-oriented. The brand building media will involve broadcasting and print while the behavior-oriented media will involve the inter net platform. Further, sales promotion will be used to augment the behavior orientation of the online platform. All elements of the promotional mix will contain a consistent message that is customer focussed and aligned to the objectives of the integrated marketing communication campaign. Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091268"
Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc357091268 \h
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Objectives and Strategic Decisions  PAGEREF _Toc357091269 \h
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Target Audience  PAGEREF _Toc357091270 \h
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Promotional Mix  PAGEREF _Toc357091271 \h
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Message  PAGEREF _Toc357091272 \h
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Message Appeal  PAGEREF _Toc357091273 \h
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8 IntroductionMarketing in the 21st century not only entails traditional strategies and media, but must also take account of emerging media and changes in paradigm from a product focus to a consumer focus. Firms require well laid out plans combining the strengths of available advertising and promotional avenues and offsetting weaknesses to target a given market, leading to the rise of integrated marketing communication. Kitchen and Burgmann (2010, p. 2 ) defines integrated marketing communication as an approach that values comprehensive planning, focussing on the strategic role of various communication disciplines to provide message clarity, consistency, and maximum impact of communication. In integrated marketing communication, the process is audience-focussed, channel-centered, and results-driven. This approach to marketing communication will be useful in enabling CCT establish presence with its beauty products in the market. The current discussion explores various aspects of integrated marketing communication for CCTs hair products. The study presents the objectives of CCTs marketing campaign and identifies the target audience. A discussion of the promotional mix to support the proposed advertising strategy the follows, analyzing the message, message appeal, media mix, coverage, broadcast media, print media, support media, sales promotion, and techniques to be used.Objectives and Strategic DecisionsThe proposed marketing campai gn will have an overall aim of positively influencing the behavior of the target audience, driving the audience to purchase CCTs hair products, and establishing longevity in the relationship between CCT and its consumers. In this case, the target audience entails professionals in the beauty market and third party professionals. This aligns with the focus of integrated marketing communication on target audiences to action, rather than merely building brand awareness and enhancing consumer attitudes as happens in traditional marketing communication (Keller 2010, pp. 819-820). The objectives supporting the achievement of the overall aim are as follows.To design a message that will appeal to and drive the target audience toward a purchase decision.To establish an appropriate and effective promotional mix consisting of broadcast, print, and support media alongside sales promotion.To propose the techniques for executing the proposed marketing strategy.To ensure that the marketing campaign achieves a long-term relationship between the firm and the target consumers.The proposed marketing campaign will entail a number of strategic decisions on the part of the manager in charge of the campaign. In this case, the main strategic decisions concern aspects such as product positioning, targeting, creating the message, selecting media, and establishing momentum (Christensen, Firat, Torp 2008, pp. 423-425). According to Kalafatis, Tsogas, Blankson (2000, p. 416), positioning represents the key feature or image that the product has in the target audiences collective mind. Closely related and interdependent, targeting allows the campaign to deliver the message precisely, preventing wastage of coverage to non-targeted audiences. In this case, the positioning of the CCT hair products will focus on their high quality and safety for beauty professionals. The campaign will be targeted at professional beauticians in urban and suburban settings that are inclined to the digital world a nd still use traditional media. The steps of establishing the target audience and marketing message, selecting media, and establishing momentum constitute the next sections of the discussion.Target AudienceThe market for hair products entails purchasers for use at home and professional beauticians whose business relies on cosmetic products. Given that beauty professionals play a crucial role in influencing the purchase behavior of their clients (at-home users), CCTs target audience primarily consists of such beauty professionals. Integrated marketing communication entails a shift from product focus to consumer focus, where marketing concentrates on an outside-in approach in all aspects of communication (Kitchen Burgmann 2010, p. 4). As a result, an analysis of the target audience goes beyond basic demographic and geographic considerations, but also analyzes behavioral and psychographic considerations (Christensen, Torp, Firat 2005, pp. 157-158). In this case, the target audience o f beauty professionals consists of postmodern consumers who practice informed consumerism. They are well aware of what they need in products, which entails high quality and safety standards alongside product reliability for beauty professionals (Kumar, Massie, Dumonceaux, 2006, p. 285). Such beauty professionals are in the driving seat of the natural ingredients revolution in products in the hair, face, and body product categories (Dimitrova, Kaneva, Gallucci 2009, pp. 1155-1158). Further, postmodern consumers not only seek knowledge on the product, but also expect the producer to portray the same standards in quality, safety, and reliability.Promotional MixMessageAccording to Kitchen, Schultz, Kim, Han, and Li (2004), the message of an integrated marketing campaign should be dictated by the brands positioning strategy and aligned with the communication objectives for the designated target audience. In this case, the message should arise from the previous stages of establishing th e marketing campaign, namely objectives, positioning, and targeting. Failure to align with the three strategic decisions results in a message that does not communicate the purpose of the campaign, leaves the brands position ambiguous, and does not target the desirable audience precisely. Further, the aspect of integration means that the message has to be unified in all avenues selected in the media mix. This means that the message has to be the same throughout the promotional mix.The message for the proposed marketing campaign will be that CCTs hair products contain natural ingredients and provide the safety, quality, and reliability that every professional beautician needs. This message aligns with the overall objective of positively influencing consumer behavior, as discussed in the next section of message appeal. Further, the aspects of safety, quality, reliability, and natural ingredients fulfill the positioning and targeting requirements discussed earlier. The image of safety, quality, reliability, and type of ingredients encapsulate the meaning and distinctiveness from competitive brands, which defines CCTs position. The narrow focus on beauticians helps in targeting the message.Message AppealProctor and Kitchen (2002, p. 151-152) describe the concept of a postmodern consumer, which has led to the paradigm change from traditional marketing that is product-focussed and through mass media to integrated marketing that is consumer-focussed and involves emerging media. The postmodern market target exhibits behavior that is informed consumerism, requiring information on what the firm behind the product stands for, what values the product personifies, and what the product does (Christensen, Torp Firat 2005, p. 157). The message in a marketing campaign should align with these... Advertising and Sales Promotions Management - 2750 Words Advertising and Sales Promotions Management (Term Paper Sample) Content: Executive SummaryThe report details a proposed marketing campaign for CCT hair products based on integrated marketing communication. The overall objective of the campaign is to influence the purchase behavior of the target audience positively and establishing long-lasting relationships between CCT and its consumers. The strategic decisions in question include targeting, creating the message, selecting media, and establishing momentum. The target audience includes informed beauty professionals who value product quality, safety, and reliability alongside the use of natural ingredients. As a result, the proposed message highlights the appealing quality, safety, reliability, and natural ingredients used in CCT products. The media mix to communicate this message entails traditional media that are brand-oriented and emerging media that are behavior-oriented. The brand building media will involve broadcasting and print while the behavior-oriented media will involve the inter net platform. Further, sales promotion will be used to augment the behavior orientation of the online platform. All elements of the promotional mix will contain a consistent message that is customer focussed and aligned to the objectives of the integrated marketing communication campaign. Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091268"
Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc357091268 \h
3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091269"
Objectives and Strategic Decisions  PAGEREF _Toc357091269 \h
3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091270"
Target Audience  PAGEREF _Toc357091270 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091271"
Promotional Mix  PAGEREF _Toc357091271 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091272"
Message  PAGEREF _Toc357091272 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091273"
Message Appeal  PAGEREF _Toc357091273 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091274"
Media Mix  PAGEREF _Toc357091274 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091275"
Coverage  PAGEREF _Toc357091275 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091276"
Broadcast Media  PAGEREF _Toc357091276 \h
6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091277"
Print Media  PAGEREF _Toc357091277 \h
6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091278"
Support Media: Internet-based  PAGEREF _Toc357091278 \h
6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091279"
Sales Promotion  PAGEREF _Toc357091279 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091280"
Techniques to be Used  PAGEREF _Toc357091280 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091281"
Conclusion  PAGEREF _Toc357091281 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc357091282"
References  PAGEREF _Toc357091282 \h
8 IntroductionMarketing in the 21st century not only entails traditional strategies and media, but must also take account of emerging media and changes in paradigm from a product focus to a consumer focus. Firms require well laid out plans combining the strengths of available advertising and promotional avenues and offsetting weaknesses to target a given market, leading to the rise of integrated marketing communication. Kitchen and Burgmann (2010, p. 2 ) defines integrated marketing communication as an approach that values comprehensive planning, focussing on the strategic role of various communication disciplines to provide message clarity, consistency, and maximum impact of communication. In integrated marketing communication, the process is audience-focussed, channel-centered, and results-driven. This approach to marketing communication will be useful in enabling CCT establish presence with its beauty products in the market. The current discussion explores various aspects of integrated marketing communication for CCTs hair products. The study presents the objectives of CCTs marketing campaign and identifies the target audience. A discussion of the promotional mix to support the proposed advertising strategy the follows, analyzing the message, message appeal, media mix, coverage, broadcast media, print media, support media, sales promotion, and techniques to be used.Objectives and Strategic DecisionsThe proposed marketing campai gn will have an overall aim of positively influencing the behavior of the target audience, driving the audience to purchase CCTs hair products, and establishing longevity in the relationship between CCT and its consumers. In this case, the target audience entails professionals in the beauty market and third party professionals. This aligns with the focus of integrated marketing communication on target audiences to action, rather than merely building brand awareness and enhancing consumer attitudes as happens in traditional marketing communication (Keller 2010, pp. 819-820). The objectives supporting the achievement of the overall aim are as follows.To design a message that will appeal to and drive the target audience toward a purchase decision.To establish an appropriate and effective promotional mix consisting of broadcast, print, and support media alongside sales promotion.To propose the techniques for executing the proposed marketing strategy.To ensure that the marketing campaign achieves a long-term relationship between the firm and the target consumers.The proposed marketing campaign will entail a number of strategic decisions on the part of the manager in charge of the campaign. In this case, the main strategic decisions concern aspects such as product positioning, targeting, creating the message, selecting media, and establishing momentum (Christensen, Firat, Torp 2008, pp. 423-425). According to Kalafatis, Tsogas, Blankson (2000, p. 416), positioning represents the key feature or image that the product has in the target audiences collective mind. Closely related and interdependent, targeting allows the campaign to deliver the message precisely, preventing wastage of coverage to non-targeted audiences. In this case, the positioning of the CCT hair products will focus on their high quality and safety for beauty professionals. The campaign will be targeted at professional beauticians in urban and suburban settings that are inclined to the digital world a nd still use traditional media. The steps of establishing the target audience and marketing message, selecting media, and establishing momentum constitute the next sections of the discussion.Target AudienceThe market for hair products entails purchasers for use at home and professional beauticians whose business relies on cosmetic products. Given that beauty professionals play a crucial role in influencing the purchase behavior of their clients (at-home users), CCTs target audience primarily consists of such beauty professionals. Integrated marketing communication entails a shift from product focus to consumer focus, where marketing concentrates on an outside-in approach in all aspects of communication (Kitchen Burgmann 2010, p. 4). As a result, an analysis of the target audience goes beyond basic demographic and geographic considerations, but also analyzes behavioral and psychographic considerations (Christensen, Torp, Firat 2005, pp. 157-158). In this case, the target audience o f beauty professionals consists of postmodern consumers who practice informed consumerism. They are well aware of what they need in products, which entails high quality and safety standards alongside product reliability for beauty professionals (Kumar, Massie, Dumonceaux, 2006, p. 285). Such beauty professionals are in the driving seat of the natural ingredients revolution in products in the hair, face, and body product categories (Dimitrova, Kaneva, Gallucci 2009, pp. 1155-1158). Further, postmodern consumers not only seek knowledge on the product, but also expect the producer to portray the same standards in quality, safety, and reliability.Promotional MixMessageAccording to Kitchen, Schultz, Kim, Han, and Li (2004), the message of an integrated marketing campaign should be dictated by the brands positioning strategy and aligned with the communication objectives for the designated target audience. In this case, the message should arise from the previous stages of establishing th e marketing campaign, namely objectives, positioning, and targeting. Failure to align with the three strategic decisions results in a message that does not communicate the purpose of the campaign, leaves the brands position ambiguous, and does not target the desirable audience precisely. Further, the aspect of integration means that the message has to be unified in all avenues selected in the media mix. This means that the message has to be the same throughout the promotional mix.The message for the proposed marketing campaign will be that CCTs hair products contain natural ingredients and provide the safety, quality, and reliability that every professional beautician needs. This message aligns with the overall objective of positively influencing consumer behavior, as discussed in the next section of message appeal. Further, the aspects of safety, quality, reliability, and natural ingredients fulfill the positioning and targeting requirements discussed earlier. The image of safety, quality, reliability, and type of ingredients encapsulate the meaning and distinctiveness from competitive brands, which defines CCTs position. The narrow focus on beauticians helps in targeting the message.Message AppealProctor and Kitchen (2002, p. 151-152) describe the concept of a postmodern consumer, which has led to the paradigm change from traditional marketing that is product-focussed and through mass media to integrated marketing that is consumer-focussed and involves emerging media. The postmodern market target exhibits behavior that is informed consumerism, requiring information on what the firm behind the product stands for, what values the product personifies, and what the product does (Christensen, Torp Firat 2005, p. 157). The message in a marketing campaign should align with these...

Similar Fact Evidence - Free Essay Example

The law of evidence is a system under which facts are used to determine the rights and liabilities of the parties. Evidence proves the existence of facts in issue or infers them from related facts. One of the fundamental considerations of criminal evidence law is the balance of justice to the accused against wrongful convictions, ensuring a fair trial and fairness to the victim. Since stakes in criminal trials are generally high, prosecution would have to prove the accuseds guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Since similar fact evidence as evinced in s  11(b), 14 and 15 of the Evidence Act(EA) can be highly prejudicial to the accused, and yet play an important role in proving culpability, it should be reformed to clarify its scope of application under the EA and reflect the common laws prejudicial propensity balancing test. 2. Similar Fact Evidence A. Background Similar fact evidence is not directly connected to the case but is admitted to prove the existence of facts in issue due to its general similitude.The worry that the trier of facts would convict the accused based solely on evidence of prior conduct has generally led to the inadmissibility of such evidence in the trial as this is severely prejudicial. This concern is amplified in bench trials. Studies have suggested that judges were as influenced as laypersons when exposed to inadmissible evidence, such as prior convictions, even when they held that these evidences were inadmissible.  [6]  This is despite strong confidence in the judges ability to remain neutral to the inadmissible facts.  [7] Hence, the accuseds past similar offence or behaviour is inadmissible as similar fact evidence based on pure propensity reasoning would colour the courts ability to assess the evidence [objectively].  [8] Nonetheless, the mere prejudicial effect of such evidence does not render it inadmissible. It may be highly relevant, especially when such evidence is used to determine whether the acts in question were deliberate or to rebut a defence that could have been available.  [9] B. EA Under s  5 of the EA, a fact is only relevant if it falls within one of the relevancy provisions  [10]  stated in s  6 to s  10 of the EA. These provisions govern specifically the facts in issue, i.e. determinant facts that would decide whether the accused is guilty according to the substantive law governing that offence.In addition, s  11(b) was enacted to be the residuary category for the relevancy provisions. In contrast, similar fact evidence is primarily administrated by s  14 and s  15 as it is concerned with conduct that is merely similar in nature to those facts in issue  [13]  . s  14 is applicable only when the state of mind of the accused is in issue. Similar fact evidence is admissibl e to prove mens rea or to rebut the defence of good faith.  [14] s  15 deals with similar fact evidence that forms a series of similar occurrences to prove the mens rea of the accused,  [15]  and enables the prosecution to produce evidence to rebut a potential defence otherwise open to the accused.  [16] Admission of similar fact evidence under the EA is based on a categorization approach  [17]  , where such evidence is admissible pursuant to the exceptions stated in the EA  [18]  . Hence, similar fact evidence should only be admissible to prove the mens rea of the accused under s  14 and 15.  [19] Significantly, Singapore, India, Malaysia and Sri Lanka have identical s  11, 14 and 15 provisions in their respective Evidence enactments. With the exception of the Indian Evidence Act  [20]  , the three sections have not been amended since the 19th century.  [21] C. Case Law Interpretation of Similar Fact Evidence in EA Singapo re courts have not strictly adhered to the draftmans intention in recent cases.  [22]  The court has incorporated common laws balancing test  [23]  where the judge would balance between the probative and prejudicial effect of the similar fact evidence.  [24] In Lee Kwang Peng v PP  [25]  , scope of similar fact evidence was extended to prove actus reus. Pursuant to s  11(b), the court was of the view that the section embodied  [26]  the balancing test. Hence, similar fact evidence is admissible to prove both mens reas and actus reus.  [27]  Although readily admitting that this would be contrary to the draftsmans intention, then Chief Justice Yong held that the EA should be a facilitative statute rather than a mere codification of Stephens statement of the law of evidence  [28]  . The courts, until Law Society of Singapore v Tan Guat Neo Phyllis  [29]  (Phyllis Tan), were generally of the opinion that they had the discretion to exclude evide nce substantially unfair to the accused.  [30] D. Under the Criminal Procedure Code Act (2010)  [31]  (CPC) s  266 of CPC, dealing specifically with stolen goods, allows previous convictions of the accused to be admitted to rebut his defence of good faith and/or prove mens rea. However, notice would have to be given to the accused before adducing such evidence  [32]  . E. In Comparison to Common Law Unlike the EA, admissibility of criminal evidence at common law is exclusionary. As long as the evidence is logically probative, it is admissible unless it contravenes clear public policy or other laws.  [33] In Makin v A-G for NSW  [34]  , Lord Herschell formulated the two-limbed rule governing the admissibility of similar fact evidence. Under the first limb, the prosecution is not allowed to adduce similar fact evidence for pure propensity reasoning. However, under the second limb, evidence of the accuseds past conduct is admissible if relevant to the facts in issue via the categorization approach.  [35] Boardman v PP  [36]  reformulated these rules by incorporating the balancing test. Under this test, the probative force of the similar fact evidence must outweigh the prejudicial effect. Furthermore, such evidence should be strikingly similar, such that it would offend common sense if the evidence is excluded.  [37] However, the requirement of striking similarity was deemed to be too narrow in DPP v PP  [38]  . Instead, sufficient probative force could be gleaned from other circumstances  [39]  . Nonetheless, similar fact evidence used to prove identity must be sufficiently special to portray a signature or other special feature that would reasonably point to the accused as the perpetuator of the crime.  [40]  Hence, similar fact evidence is admissible to establish actus reus  [41]  . F. Defects of EA Singapore courts have incorporated common law principles and extended the applicability of similar fact evidence to prove actus reus. This has resulted in inconsistencies between the draftsmans intention and the courts approach. Further, there are some ambiguities that require clarification. First, there are difficulties superimposing the Boardmans balancing test into s  11, 14 and 15  [42]  as the EA was drafted to suit the categorization approach. The court would have to admit evidence falling under either section even if it may not be very probative or is highly prejudicial. Hence, s  14 and s  15 address only the probative part of the balancing test and leave no room for prejudicial effect considerations.  [43]  As a result, judicial discretion to exclude very detrimental evidence was developed.  [44] Second, although allowing similar fact evidence to prove actus reus would require the judge to evoke an additional step of inference  [45]  , limiting the use of this evidence to prove mens rea would allow extremely probati ve evidence to be excluded  [46]  . Third, admissibility rules under the EA do not distinguish situations where the accused adduced similar fact evidence unintentionally. An injurious consequence would result if the prosecution is entitled to use such evidence.  [47] Fourth, under s 15, a single act, no matter how probative, is inadmissible.  [48]  However, this does not take into account the consideration that an act may be capable of supporting the argument based on the rarity of circumstances  [49]  . Fifth, the courts have admitted similar fact evidence pursuant to s  11  (b) although it may not be pertinent to the facts in issue. Hence, EA should be amended to provide safeguards against such usage of s  11(b). Lastly, in light of Phyllis Tan  [50]  , more protection against admissibility of similar fact evidence should be incorporated into the EA. 3. Possible Options A. Survey of the other Jurisdiction (1) Australia Uniform Evidence Acts  [51]  (UEA) Under UEA, propensity evidence and similar fact evidence are governed by the tendency rule in s 97 and the coincidence rule in s  98. (a) Tendency Rule Evidence pertaining to the character, reputation, conduct or a tendency that the accused possessed is inadmissible unless (a) notice is given to the accused and (b) the evidence has significant probative value. Although UEA does not state how probative the evidence has to be, probative value of the evidence is defined the extent to which the evidence could rationally affect the assessment of the probability of the existence of a fact in issue.  [52]  Operation of s  97 would be invoked when the evidence is adduced for the purpose of proving the accuseds inherent tendency to act in a particular way.  [53] (b) Coincidence Rule As a general rule, evidence of related events which must be substantially and rele vantly similar  [54]   would be inadmissible unless notice is given and the court is convinced that it possesses significant probative value  [55]  . (c) Criminal Proceedings A safeguard was inserted in relation to criminal proceedings under s  101 where the probative value of either the tendency or coincidence evidence would have to substantially outweigh any prejudicial effect. However, the degree of probativeness need not  [56]  be of such a degree that only one conclusion, i.e. culpability of the accused, could be drawn  [57]  . (No rationale explanation test) (d) Analysis UEA clearly adopts the balancing test approach, where the probative effect of the evidence must substantially outweigh the prejudicial effect on the accused. Furthermore, the introduction of the notice system would reduce the prejudicial effect as the accused not be unduly surprised. However, as pointed out by the Australian Law Reform Commission, there is much ambiguity i n what constitutes significantly probative and when the probative effect will substantially outweigh the prejudicial effect. Significantly, in Australia, the trier of fact and law are different. Heavy reliance on the judges discretions, added with the ambiguity and wide application of the balancing test, would increase the risk of prejudice in bench trials. (2) India Statutory Amendments Some amendments to s  11, 14 and 15 of The Indian Evidence Act  [58]  , upon which the EA was modeled on  [59]  , had been made pursuant to a review in 2003.  [60]  However, the changes made were very minor.  [61] (a) Section 11 An explanation, inserted after s  11(2)  [62]  , qualified the type of evidence rendered relevant under s  11 such that the degree of relevancy is dependent on the opinion of the Court  [63]  . (b) Section 14 Clarifications to illustration (h) of s  14 were made such that the similar fact evidence has to show that A either had constructive or actual knowledge of the public notice of the loss of the property.  [64] (c) Section 15 The changes merely show that the acts made, pursuant to s 15, must be done by the same person.  [65] (d) Analysis It would appear that the amendments to the Indian Evidence Act do not have any substantial impact on the law. However, the amendment of s  11 explicitly mentions that the degree of relevancy of facts is subjected to the opinions of the court, which suggests an approach more in line with the balancing test. (3) England and Wales Criminal Justice Act 2003  [66]  (CJA) The admissibility of criminal evidence is presently governed entirely  [67]  by the CJA. Part II of CJA addresses the admissibility of bad character  [68]  evidence, which is defined as a persons disposition for a particular misconduct. Evidence of the defendants bad character can be adduced if it falls under one of the seven gateways unde r s 101(1)  [69]  . Significantly, under s 101 (1) (d), bad character evidence is admissible if it is relevant to an important issue between the defendant and the prosecution  [70]  . This includes the propensity to commit a particular type of offence which the accused is charged with or the propensity to lie  [71]  . Moreover, past convictions may be admissible to prove the defendants propensity to commit the crime he was charged with.  [72] Regardless, s  101 (3) allows the court to exclude evidence, falling under s 101  (1)(d), upon the application of the defendant if the court views that admission of such evidence would infringe on the fairness of the proceedings.  [73] The scope for the admissibility of bad character evidence has widened under the CJA.  [74]  In fact, evidence of bad character has changed from one of prima facie inadmissibility to that of prima facie admissibility  [75]  . Although, under s  103, bad charact er evidence would be inadmissible if it does not heighten the culpability of the accused, suggesting that the evidence must have some probative force, it appears that the CJA has abandoned the balancing test. Hence, similar fact evidence in the form of bad character evidence would be inadmissible if it lacks probative value in the establishment of the defendants culpability. However, s  101 (1), with the exception of s  101(1)(e), merely requires the evidence to be probative, without the need to outweigh prejudicial effect. 4. Proposal The EA would require more than a mere amendment. Hence, the type of reform advocated under the Indian Evidence Act should not be adopted. However, a radical change from the categorization approach to the balancing approach, following UEA, would give the court too much discretion. This is worrying as judges may not be entirely indifferent to inadmissible facts when deciding the case. On the other hand, the approach under the C JA would be contrary to Phyllis Tan  [76]  and potentially allows highly prejudicial similar fact evidence to be admissible as long as the prosecution can show some probative value which points towards the guilt of the accused. Hence, a hybridised model should be adopted where the categorisation approach under s 14 and s 15 is kept, but admissibility of such evidence must be subjected to the balancing test. A. Amendments (1) Changes to the Headings s  5 to s 16, under the general heading of Relevancy of facts, could be further sub-divided. First, s  5 to s  11 should be placed under a sub-heading of Governing Facts in issues  [77]  . Second, s  12 to s  16 could be placed under Relevancy of other facts sub-heading. This sub-division of the relevancy provisions would clarify the functions of each section and discourage courts from admitting similar fact evidence which does not have a specific connection with the facts in issue via s 11(b). (2) Incorporating balancing test Most importantly, EA should be amended to include the balancing test with guidance drawn from the UEA, such that the probative value of the similar fact evidence should substantially outweigh the prejudicial effect. However, the definition of substantially outweigh should be left undefined and allowed to develop under the common law. The courts could draw assistance from the Australian case law. (3) Proving Identity A provision could be inserted to the EA allowing similar fact evidence to prove that the accused was responsible for the offence. In addition to the balancing test, the provision should also reflect the proposition that that such similar fact evidence must satisfy the threshold test of being strikingly similar to the offence, almost akin to a signature or special feature of the accused. However, it is submitted that the extension of similar fact evidence to prove actus reus should be limited to the situation w here the identity of the perpetuator is in doubt. B. Clarifications (1) Similar fact evidence produced by the accused mistakenly It is proposed that such evidence should subjected to a higher standard of balancing test where the probative value substantially outweighs prejudicial effect. (2) Only prior convictions are allowed Prior acquittals should not be admissible as similar fact evidence as this would be unduly prejudicial to the accused. Furthermore, this could result in the undesirable situation whereby the accused is subjected to a second round of trials with regards to the prior charges. In relation to the type of prior convictions that should be allowed, the EA should incorporate the definitions found in s 103(2)  [78]  and s  103(4)  [79]  of the CJA. (3) Clarification of s. 15 s  15 should be extended to include single act or conduct of the accused to rebut the defendants defence of accident. However, in light of a potential d anger of placing too much importance on a single episode, a qualification, such as the no rationale reason  [80]  test, should be implemented along with the extension of s  15. 5. Additional Safeguards A system of notice, as seen in UEA, should be included into the EA. This reduces the prejudicial effect as the evidence would not be a surprise. Furthermore, this approach would be in line with the CPC, which has already adopted such a procedural reform. 6. Conclusion Regarded as one of the most difficult area of the law of evidence, similar fact evidence can serve as a double-edged sword. It has the potential to convict the accused although the facts do not relate to the facts in issue and is highly prejudicial to the defendant. In light of the rapid development of the rules governing the admissibility of similar fact evidence under the common law and the recent trend of common law countries codifying the test of admissibility into statutes, the EA should be reformed to reflect these developments, instead of relying on case law which can lead to inconsistency and uncertainty. Further, as information of a persons past is easily obtained with present technological advancements, safeguards against similar fact evidence should be incorporated so as to ensure a fair trial.